@inbook {91785,
	title = {The effects of drought on Amazonian rain forests},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	abstract = {<p>The functioning of Amazonian rain forest ecosystems during drought has become a scientific focal point because of associated risks to forest integrity and climate. We review current understanding of drought impacts on Amazon rain forests by summarising the results from two throughfall exclusion (TFE) experiments in old-growth rain forests at Caxiuan{\~a} and Tapaj{\'o}s National Forest Reserves, and an irrigation experiment in secondary forest, near Castanhal, Brazil. Soil physical properties strongly influenced drought impacts at each site. Over years 1 to 3 of soil moisture reduction, leaf area index declined by 20{\textendash}30\% at the TFE sites. Leaf physiology and tree mortality results suggested some species-based differences in drought resistance. Mortality was initially resistant to drought but increased after 3 years at Tapaj{\'o}s to 9\%, followed by a decline. Transpiration and gross primary production were reduced under TFE at Caxiuan{\~a} by 30{\textendash}40\% and 12{\textendash} 13\%, respectively, and the maximum fire risk at Tapaj{\'o}s increased from 0.27 to 0.47. Drought reduced soil CO2 emissions by more than 20\% at Caxiuan{\~a} and Castanhal but not at Tapaj{\'o}s, where N2O and CH4 emissions declined. Overall, the results indicate short-term resistance to drought with reduced productivity, but that increased mortality is likely under substantial, multiyear, reductions in rainfall. These data sets from field-scale experimental manipulations uniquely complement existing observations from Amazonia and will become increasingly powerful if the experiments are extended. Estimating the long-term (decadal-scale) impacts of continued drought on Amazonian forests will also require integrated models to couple changes in vegetation, climate, land management, and fire risk.</p>
},
	isbn = {9781118670347},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GM000718},
	author = {Meir, P. and Brando, P. and Nepstad, D. and Vasconcelos, S. and Costa, A. C. L. and Davidson, E. and Almeida, S. and Fisher, R. A. and Sotta, E. D. and Zarin, D. and Cardinot, G.}
}
