This ESPA study is exploring the effects of landscape diversity on the provision of key ecosystem services that support agriculture - such as pest regulation and pollination - and how those effects are channelled to human welfare and poverty reduction outcomes. Working in China, the results show how a range of land uses contribute to maintaining populations of the natural insect predators of aphids and other crop pests, and suggest that policies encouraging farmers to account for the human health and environmental costs of insecticides would incentivise the adoption of such habitat management.